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A Guide to FLUTe Products Sealing Open Boreholes FLUTe Blank Liner The FLUTe blank liner is a fully removable solution for sealing fracture flows in open boreholes to prevent cross contamination. Mapping The NAPL Contaminants NAPL FLUTe The NAPL FLUTe is a NAPL reactive cover for the blank FLUTe liner that is deployed in open boreholes and through GeoProbe Rods. After 30 minutes, remove the liner from the borehole and measure to the stains to identify the location of free product. FACT (FLUTe Activated Carbon Technique) The FACT is a strip of activated carbon felt that is added to the NAPL FLUTe. The FACT adsorbs contaminants from fracture flows and pore space and after 2 weeks is removed from the well, cut into 6” to 3’ pieces and analyzed Characterizing Formation Flow Paths ​ ​ Transmissivity Profiling Locate flow paths and measure transmissivity with 6" to 12" resolution Reverse Head Profiling Measure the vertical head distribution (5' to 20') Multi-Level Groundwater and Vadose Sampling Systems ​ ​ ​ ​ Vadose FLUTe Shallow Water FLUTe Water FLUTe Vadose Gas Sampling System Groundwater Sampling with Peristaltic Pumping System Groundwater Sampling with Gas Driven Pumping System Cased Hole Sampler Groundwater Sampling with Peristaltic or Gas Driven Pumping System OTHER UNIQUE APPLICATIONS: ​ Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling Development of Boreholes Landfill Monitoring Horizontal Packer Testing and Leak Detection Towing of Logging Tools Cure-In-Place Liners Karst Installations Grouting of Casing in Karst Artesian Well Installations Traversing Lakes and Ponds ​ ​ ​

What are FLUTe Liners? FLUTe liners are flexible sleeves of impermeable nylon fabric that are closed on one end. When installed in a well and pressurized with air, water, or mud, the liners seal to the interior of a borehole. Liners can be made of many different strength fabrics and diameters ranging from 2" to 30"+. Liners can be installed in the overburden through sonic casing and direct push and in bedrock by eversion in open boreholes. ​ ​ Applications Seal Open Boreholes Multi-Level Groundwater Sampling Map NAPL Free Product Map Dissolved Phase NAPL Transmissivity Profiling Head Distribution Profiling Unique Applications

Innovative Flexible Liners for High Resolution Hydrogeologic Characterization Sealing Boreholes Blank FLUTe Liner Mapping NAPL Bedrock Characteristics Transmissivity Profiling Reverse Head Profiling Multi Level Groundwater Sampling Water FLUTe Shallow Water FLUTe Click Here for the Full List of FLUTe Methods and Products Get The Definitive FLUTe Manual At Amazon AdsP2p Watch the Video Below To Learn More! © 2022 by FLUTe

FACT - FLUTe Activated Carbon Technique Our FACT service is an innovative method developed by FLUTe for mapping the dissolved phase contaminant distribution in a sealed borehole with 6" to 3' resolution. Figure 1. FACT Construction, with the FACT stitched between the NAPL FLUTe cover (striped) and a diffusion barrier (silver). Figure 2. FACT results for TCE on a 6" scale. How the Service Works: The FACT engineering service involves the use of a 1.5" continuous strip of activated carbon felt that is added to the NAPL FLUTe and emplaced against the borehole wall during the eversion of a blank liner or installation through GeoProbe rods (for overburden applications). Once positioned against the borehole wall, the FACT services procedure wicks by diffusion, contaminants in pore spaces and fracture flows. As the diffusion process takes place in a sealed borehole, the concentrations recorded during the FACT services are not influenced by cross contamination and/or leakage issues often associated with packer-based characterization. After 2 weeks, the FACT installation is removed from the well, cut into the desired sample intervals (6" to 3') and sent to the lab for analysis (EPA 8265). ​ The pressure exerted by the liner on the borehole wall (generally 5 to 10 feet of water pressure) creates a strong seal which prevents preferential flows from developing. Concerns of influence by contact with borehole water are put to rest from the protection provided by the hydrophobic NAPL FLUTe cover and very fast installation and removal procedures. This minimizes interval exposure times (a few seconds). As a precaution, the borehole water is usually pumped from the hole as the liner is everted. ​ FACT Service Results: The measurements obtained by the FACT method are very representative and therefore show where the true contaminant peaks are located at depth. The replica contaminant distribution can be used along with FLUTe Transmissivity Profiling data to design a multi-level groundwater sampling system and fate/transport CSM. Figure 3: Transmissivity Profile and FACT data. Note the high TCE concentrations at 112' and 140' BGS in very low transmissive fractures compared to low TCE concentrations in high flowing fractures at 90' and 130'. The TCE concentrations at 140' and 112' are the same or twice as high, respectively, as the highest flowing fracture in the borehole at 130' despite the fact that they are two of the lowest flowing fractures in the borehole. This data emphasizes the need for high resolution methods rather than coarse measurements to assure that all significant contaminant source zones are properly identified during characterization. Water Samples (green diamonds), validate the FACT concentrations. Click Here for the FACT Method for a Continuous Contaminant Profile Presentation - NGWA October 2017 ​ TECHNICAL NOTES: ​ Installation Times: FLUTe liner systems should be installed as quickly as possible after the hole is drilled to minimize cross connection effects of the borehole water on the pore water in the open borehole. ​ Reaction Times: ​ Vadose Zone: The FACT is typically left in place for 48 hours for a vadose zone installation to allow the diffusion process from the formation into the carbon. ​ Saturated Zone: The FACT should be left in place in the saturated zone for about two weeks due to the diffusion coefficient being much smaller in water than in air. A diffusion calculation shows that two days is long enough to "see" about 0.5cm into the borehole wall with 7% porosity. Concentration in pores is 2,700 ug/L. That improves after 2 weeks. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Academic Analysis of the FACT: A master's thesis is available by Monique Beyer of the Danish Technical University which is a rigorous assessment of the FACT analysis method and its use for a fractured rock site.

Blank Liner Procedures ​ Blank liner installation procedures Whereas FLUTe personnel are most experienced in the installation of blank liners, it has become more common for our customers to install their own blank liners. This is especially convenient for installing sealing liners immediately after a borehole is completed and preferably after the borehole has been well developed, if the natural flow paths in the formation are important to the use of the borehole. Many drilling companies have now gained experience with FLUTe blank liner installations and removals. However, not everyone in each drilling company has the same amount of training and experience. It is important to assure that an experienced individual will be doing the installation or removal. Blank Liner Installation Information: Blank Liner Installation Procedure How Deeply Must a liner be Installed in a Borehole? Maximum Liner Tension and Pressure Limits FLUTe has developed a 55 minute video teaching the proper blank liner installation and removal procedures using FLUTe’s ancillary equipment. A blank liner can be installed directly from the shipping reel, but it requires special care and equipment to remove a blank liner. For a copy of the video, please contact us. If preferred, FLUTe can provide assistance with the installation and removal of blank liners. If there are any uncertainties about an installation or removal, FLUTe should be contacted for guidance. Blank liner use with other borehole measurements It is often convenient for all the boreholes to be completed and sealed with a liner before the geophysical, or other, measurements are performed. A common practice is to complete the drilling and sealing of all the boreholes and to then invite FLUTe to remove a liner for the geophysical measurements while FLUTe then removes a second liner. Then the geophysics crew moves to the second hole while FLUTe preforms the reinstallation of the first liner with a transmissivity profile measurement. FLUTe then removes the third liner, and then reinstalls the second liner, etc... In this manner, both the FLUTe transmissivity profiles and geophysical measurements are done in one mobilization with substantial cost savings. It has been found that the blank liner removal can be helpful to the better development of the borehole. Click here for a number of solutions to risky open borehole development. Another alternative is for the geophysics, and perhaps packer testing, to be done before the borehole is sealed with a liner, but in that case, the boreholes are open longer for cross connecting flow. The above procedures do not conveniently allow for packer testing. If a multi-level system is to be installed, packer testing for contaminant assessment may not be necessary and the time the borehole is open is minimized. ​ ​

​ ​ While FLUTe’s many methods are useful when used independently of one another, when coupled together, they offer a cost effective and thorough characterization of sub surface environmental and geologic conditions including the following: ​ 1. Absence/presence and location of free product ​ 2. Distribution of dissolved phase contaminants ​ 3. Transmissivity and H ead distributions ​ 4. Groundwater Sampling Systems The Blank liner, NAPL FLUTe and FACT A common question is “where is the contaminant?” This combination uses the Blank liner covered with the color reactive NAPL detection covering (NAPL FLUTe) plus the activated carbon felt strip (FACT) for wicking the dissolved phase of a variety of contaminants. The covered liner is installed immediately after the borehole is drilled to prevent cross connection. Two weeks later, the liner is removed. Any stains on the cover are photographed with an adjacent tape measure to locate NAPL sources. The FACT carbon felt is cut from the cover, rolled, and stored in DI water for future assessment as desired for identification of the dissolved contaminants. The blank liner is immediately installed back into the borehole to seal against cross contamination. Sometimes, geophysical measurements are made in the open hole before the liner is reinstalled. Whereas the NAPL FLUTe system can be installed without the FACT, the FACT system is always installed in the NAPL FLUTe cover. The Blank liner, NAPL FLUTe, FACT and Transmissivity profile This is the same as the above sequence, but when the blank liner is reinstalled, it is done while performing the high resolution transmissivity profile of the formation. When completed, the borehole is sealed. Sometimes, geophysical measurements are made in the open borehole before the liner is reinstalled. The transmissivity profile is very helpful in detection of the active flow zones in the formation and in guiding the selection of sections of the FACT to be analyzed. The Blank liner, NAPL FLUTe, FACT, transmissivity profile, and Water FLUTe This is the same as the above measurements followed by the construction of the Water FLUTe multi-level system. The blank liner is then removed and the Water FLUTe liner is installed in the same day for water quality and head measurements. In some cases, the combinations above are reduced to a popular FLUTe Trio which includes the sealing Blank liner, the transmissivity profile for each borehole after they are all sealed (sometimes following the geophysics measurements in each hole as the blank is removed) and the Water FLUTe installation in all the boreholes. The advantages of the combinations The combination of the several methods, sometimes including various geophysical measurements, in a single fielding campaign can be very cost effective and provide a wide range of hydrologic information. The ability to consider the results from the measurements in all boreholes before selecting the monitoring intervals in each hole allows the best use of the resources without the need to make a snap judgment of the completion of each well as it is being drilled. With the transmissivity profiling results in hand, one can also select the minimum sections of the FACT activated carbon from each borehole for the relatively expensive analysis with the GCMS technique. The activated carbon felt can be stored in DI water with little concern about loss of contaminants for many days based on tests done by the Danish Technical University. The uncertainty of straddle packer seals in an open hole in fractured rock makes the dependence on those measurements problematic. This is especially true if the objective is to determine the depth of contamination in the formation. The uncertainty of the packer seal is also compounded by the time the borehole is open to cross connection during the straddle packer testing. The power point presentation “The Full Use of FLUTe Technology in Fractured Rock” describes the potential efficiencies of combinations of the flexible liner methods for a wide variety of hydrologic assessments. Combinations of FLUTe Methods SPACER

Cased Hole Sampler (CHS) The FLUTe CHS is an economical multilevel groundwater and vadose sampling system designed for use in cased 2 - 4"overburden and bedrock wells. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Sys tem Overview: The new FLUTe Cased Hole Sampler is an inexpensive multilevel groundwater sampling system designed to for groundwater sampling in cased 2-4" overburden and bedrock wells. Constructed in a different manner than our traditional multilevel systems, the CHS is lowered into a place within a PVC well, instead of being everted into an open borehole. Sampling screens are located at multiple intervals on the CHS, which corresponds with the screen depths of the PVC well. The system is easily installed by the customer in minutes and allows for development of all sampling intervals and simultaneous sampling and purging. ​ ​ Installation: The FLUTe CHS can be installed in 2-4" cased overburden and bedrock wells. The installation procedure is easy and can therefore be completed by the customer, without FLUTe on site, in under 30 minutes. For a PDF file with installation specifics in open boreholes, click here . Sampling Intervals : All samples collected from the FLUTe CHS are drawn directly from the formation, with no issues of potential for cross contamination or leakage as possible with packer based multi-level systems. The FLUTE CHS is capable of many ports per borehole depending on the hole diameter and all intervals can be sampled and purged simultaneously. ​ Head Measurements: The water table depth at each port can be measured with a FLUTe vacuum water level meter system. For continuous head measurements at each port, an air couple transducer (ACT) system can be used with a simple surface connection. The transducers are located in the surface casing for easy access for reuse, replacement or repair. Well Completion: Prior to installation of the FLUTe CHS, a traditional multi-screened PVC well should be installed by the driller. Bentonite should be used to isolate screen sections and sand used as backfill. ​ Warranty and Removability : The FLUTe CHS system is fully warrantied and removable for other use of the borehole or easy abandonment by grouting the borehole. The system can be used for artesian situations with a heavy mud fill. Whereas the system can be used for a variety of borehole depths, the Standard Water FLUTe system is better suited for boreholes more than 200 ft deep or for deeper water tables. For systems in uncased bedrock wells, check out the Water FLUTe SPACER

​ In one sense, all FLUTe applications are unique in that these methods did not exist before 1989. However, some methods have become so commonly used that they are no longer unfamiliar. Those common methods are: 1. Blank liners for sealing boreholes. 2. Transmissivity profiles of open boreholes for rapid high resolution measurements. 3. Water FLUTe installations for multi-level water samples and head measurements. 4. NAPL FLUTe installations to map LNAPL and DNAPL of many kinds. There have been extensions of these methods to smaller diameter holes, more artesian holes, and deeper holes. However, these are variations on the FLUTe systems commonly used. ​ The following descriptions are of applications of FLUTe methods not so widely used and perhaps not known to many FLUTe users. Some are applications that should be used more frequently because of the advantages. Unique Applications Installations with Artesian Conditions In the early days of FLUTe methods, if the water table was very shallow or the well somewhat artesian, a heavy mud was used instead of water to pressurize the liner after it had been installed. The installation was usually done off of a scaffold to obtain a sufficient excess driving head to evert the liner. However, FLUTe has developed several designs, with patents pending, which allowed the installation of everting liners into boreholes with 20 ft of artesian head and flow rates out the top of the casing of 100-150 gal/min. Very good transmissivity profiles have been obtained in such holes. Such extreme artesian conditions often lead to a final liner fill of a bentonite/cement grout for a long term Water FLUTe installation. The liner is not then removable as are other FLUTe installations. ​ Installations in Karst Terrain Installations in karst boreholes of many kinds for many purposes are drilled into karst formations. The boreholes are difficult to seal and therefore isolating sampling intervals, grouting of casing, and other common functions are more difficult to nearly impossible in karst. The continuous lining capability of FLUTe systems without the use of grout makes those difficulties much less of a concern. Sealing casing strings in karst formations Grouting the annulus can be very expensive in karstic limestone because large quantities of expensive grout are sometimes lost to the karst solution channels. Loss of returns while drilling is further evidence of the problem. The grout seal can be compromised by the loss of grout into the formation and subsequent leakage from the lower production zone to upper aquifers. The mixing of mud, which is used to support the borehole wall with the grout injected to seal the annular space between the casing and formation, can lead to a weak and permeable seal in the annulus. The annular grout can mix with formation fluids to degrade its in-situ chemistry and strength. A high pressure gradient on a grout column during curing may also lead to a porous and permeable grout. This difficulty can be encountered in water wells, oil wells, or “fracking” wells. A high strength, flexible FLUTe liner can be installed prior to or during the insertion of the casing, eliminating the above difficulties. The annulus can be grouted through a trimmie pipe in stages in order to not burst the liner with a high pressure grout column and without any loss of grout to the formation or mixing with the borehole fluids. This is done routinely in the installation of FLUTe liners in ground water investigations. The formation fluids and drilling muds are forced out of the borehole by the everting liner prior to the grout injection between the liner and the casing or the mud can also be pumped from beneath the liner during the liner installation. The neighboring drawing is a visual representation of the procedure. ​ Well Development It has been observed that the removal of a flexible liner draws down the head beneath the liner by as much as 100 feet, especially near the bottom of the hole. That low pressure beneath the liner as it is being removed tends to extract mud and cuttings from fractures that may not otherwise be cleared in the normal well development procedures. This process and an explanation of why boreholes may not otherwise be well developed is described in the conference presentation titled: “Open Hole Well Development Problems and Solutions” in the publications section. Injection of Remediation Fluids Some FLUTe liners have been fitted with tubing much like that of a Water FLUTe but without any check valves and usually with larger diameter tubing than that used in the Water FLUTe sampling system. The tubing is then used to inject remediation fluids into discrete intervals. In some cases, some of the intervals are used for monitoring the arrival of remediation fluids. Special liners of more resistant fabrics than the standard nylon liner have been used to avoid damage by the fluids injected. For information on those designs, contact us. Liner augmentation of horizontal drilling (LAHD) Flexible liners were first tested in augmentation of horizontal drilling in Mustang, OK in 1997. The method is described in the publication LAHD presentation 2002 which describes the first commercial application of the method to emplace sampling intervals under a landfill in Indianapolis, IN. The basic advantage of the technique is that it replaced the mud cake of a horizontal drill hole with a flexible liner which liner can also carry a variety of instruments into position beneath buildings, highways, and landfills. The method has not been extensively used primarily because FLUTe has not advertised the option. Landfill monitoring in a prefabricated layered subsurface Many current landfill monitoring designs either monitor the landfill within the containment system (e.g., a leachate collection layer between the first and second liner) or outside the containment system in the ground water. For landfills located above deep vadose zones, a major leak will not be detected until a large portion of the vadose zone is contaminated if the monitoring system is ground water wells. FLUTe has designed a landfill monitoring design which has a much higher probability of detection of a leak early in the leak history. The same system provides many other a dvantages such as measurement of the leak rate, sampling the leak for composition, and even the remedy of the leak as part of the monitoring design. That system monitors the entire plane beneath the landfill outside of the landfill liners and does not include instruments which can fail in time so as to lose their monitoring capability. The design is described in the papers provided in the publications section under landfill monitoring . Monitoring beneath a landfill in vertical wells In some situations, the monitoring beneath a landfill or building is preferred in vertical wells. The ability of a propagating liner to travel horizontally and through turns in the piping was used in one situation and is planned for another. The first situation was in a brown field with an existing set of wells. A very large building was to be constructed on the site and it was desired to continue a soil vapor extraction remediation and monitoring of the same wells beneath the building. It was not desirable to have the vertical wells protrude through the floor of the building. In order to obtain water samples and make head measurements beneath the building, horizontal piping was installed in trenches beneath the building which ran from a vault outside the building, through various turns, to sweep elbows connecting to the vertical wells. FLUTe single sampling port systems were installed in the horizontal piping for distances of several hundred feet. The piping was 3 and 4 inch diameter with sweep elbows in the turns. In a more recent design, larger horizontal piping is to be installed beneath a landfill as it is being constructed to allow access to vertical wells beneath the landfill with multiple sampling intervals. Details of the horizontal path to vertical wells for monitoring are provided in the white paper “FLUTe Wells Under Landfills and Buildings” . FLUTe has numerical models which predict the driving pressure needed to overcome drag, gravity, and turn angles for tortuous passages of specified geometry and liner assemblies of various characteristics such as weight, length, friction coefficient and diameter of liner. The models have been well tested against actual installations (see "Installations in tortuous passages" in this section). These installations are easier than the installations in horizontal drill holes as the hole is being drilled in the liner augmentation of horizontal drilling used beneath existing landfills. Landfill monitoring in vertical wells down gradient Many current landfills have common water wells down gradient from the landfill for the purpose of monitoring leachate leakage from the landfill. Obviously, the more closely spaced the wells and the varied the depths of the wells, the greater the probability that the well system can intercept a leachate leak. However, the installation of many traditional screened wells is very expensive to construct and to sample. A more practical approach is to use multi-level sampling systems and to purge them sufficiently to develop a large draw down to capture even a long slender leachate plume. This requires multi-level sampling systems which can produce large purge volumes to draw ground water from a significant distance from the well. The Water FLUTe systems are well suited for that application in that the several sampling intervals can be purged simultaneously and produce a gallon or more per stroke of the system for each port. This allows realistic purge volumes as large as 55 gallons. Water FLUTes can be constructed with even larger production per stroke of each pumping system. The ability to purge all the sampling intervals simultaneously is due to the unique FLUTe design which has each pumping system at the same depth independent of the elevation of the sampling intervals. The ability to obtain a large volume per stroke is because the entire hole volume inside the liner is available for relatively large diameter tubing. The sealing liner occupies an insignificant portion of the hole volume. See the Water FLUTe sampling procedure for a more detailed description of the system. Mapping of subsurface flow One technique for doing that uses a transparent borehole flexible liner to observe in time the arrival of dyes or remediation fluids such as potassium permanganate injected into the formation in a nearby borehole. There are a number of interesting options for monitoring tracer arrivals with the Water FLUTe system which is well suited to monitor for both pressure changes or for tracer arrivals. The tracer arrivals are particularly easy since all the sampling systems can be short stroked simultaneously to “sip” on the medium with minimal perturbation of the natural flow state. The continuously sealed hole also makes the monitoring hole a minimum perturbation on the flow field. ​ Leak detection FLUTe has a patented method which employs an advancing and a retreating liner (one everting, the other inverting) with a constant sampling interval between them. This allows, for example, a vacuum to be applied to the interval to extract any gas or liquid flowing through the hole wall or pipe wall into the interval between the two liners. The method is called “a progressive packer”. The advantages are several in that the liner travel is very gentle while providing an excellent isolation of the traveling interval from the rest of the borehole or pipe. Logging of boreholes The description of geophysical applications treats the method of towing longing sondes through open passages while the passage is supported and sealed with a blank propagating liner. This is especially attractive for sondes such as neutron moisture measurements. However, many kinds of sondes can be towed into passages that are relatively unstable or flowing fluids with minimal risk of loss of the tool. In other situations, contaminants in the borehole, such as coal tar, are incompatible with many sondes and the liner protects the sonde from contact with those fluids. See the Geophysical applications PDF for sondes that can “see” through the liner. ​ Other uses for lining of piping and boreholes FLUTe has in the past installed cure-in-place liners, such as resin soaked carbon fiber liners, in tortuous passages from the basement 100 ft upward to the roof gutters of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The purpose was to line and seal rotting cast iron piping. Those applications are not common for FLUTe, but do use the special art and science of flexible liners as developed by FLUTe and the unique ancillary equipment of FLUTe design. A much more common need is for deep boreholes drilled through karstic formations (e.g., oil and gas wells) to prevent the loss of the grout seal between the casing and the borehole wall. In karst formations, the sealing grout flows freely into the solution channels and caverns and prevents a high quality seal of the annulus which allows potential vertical leakage of brines, petroleum or gas into overlying potable aquifers. FLUTe has a design whereby the borehole is lined as the casing is being installed to prevent the loss of the sealing grout into the formation. Contact us for details. Installations in tortuous passages The ability to install a flexible liner by eversion into tortuous passages is particularly useful for the landfill monitoring, geophysical applications, relining of piping and other applications. The fact that the liner also seals the passage is an additional advantage as well as the ability to support the hole wall as a pressurized liner. This combination of characteristics allows many other applications and the customer is invited to consider these characteristics as they may be applied in novel applications. A video is available of a test of the FLUTe calculation model of liner propagation around numerous turns. The test showed excellent agreement with FLUTe’s model which was used to judge the feasibility of installations such as in the pipes in the walls of the Smithsonian. Installations in lakes and ponds and other uses Liners do not need a borehole or pipe to guide the eversion process. A liner can be everted across a cafeteria floor with many chair and table leg obstacles. The everting liner tends to deflect past such obstacles. It is also interesting that an air filled liner can be everted across a lake. A chain attached inside the liner can keep it oriented with a designated top side. In the same manner, a water filled liner with appropriate weighting can propagate across the bottom of a pond. The liners can be fitted with many kinds of instruments for sample collection, temperature measurements, etc…, in these applications. It is also interesting that a pressurized liner can be everted unsupported through the air for significant distances. The Geophysical applications presentation shows examples of that kind of propagation for small (2” diam.) liners. With reasonable guy lines built into the liners, a tower formed by an everting liner can be erected in a few minutes to 50-100 ft. from a small pressure canister. Liners filled with special fluids can be propagated for long distances for interesting uses. FLUTe has proposed the use of everting liners to quickly lay water lines for fighting forest fire. Contact us to discuss any novel applications. We may have already done it. Video: Pressurized liner eversion through a series of pipe bends SPACER

Contact Us Today To Learn More About FLUTe FLUTe Headquarters and Manufacturing Facility 1091 NM-68 Alcalde, NM 87511 Contact Number: (505) 852 0128 FLUTe East Coast Field Office 835 Nina Way Warminster, PA 18974 Contact Number: (215) 394-5760 FLUTe Albuquerque Field Office 2412 Princeton Drive NE Albuquerque, NM 87107 Contact Number: (505)-883-4032

FLUTe Vacuum Water Level Meter The vacuum water level meter (VWLM) is a very simple device that allows one to measure the depth to the water table (DTW) in a slender tube that cannot accommodate an electric water level meter. The VWLM is advantageous for any system that uses peristaltic pumping (DTW is less than ~25 feet below the ground surface). ​ How does the VWLM work? The VWLM works similarly to the process of drinking a beverage through a straw. If you reduce the pressure at the top of the straw, the liquid rises into your mouth. The VWLM uses the same principal by applying a partial vacuum to the top of the sample tube. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A vacuum pump is connected to the sample tube and a vacuum is applied. The magnitude of the vacuum applied determines how high the water level can be raised above the water table. The vacuum is increased until the water is visible in the sight glass (Figure 1). Once the water rises into the sight glass, the vacuum increase is halted by closing the valve to the vacuum source. The vacuum gauge (VG) displays the vacuum applied in units of feet of head that were required for the water to rise to the sight glass. Note, the level in the sight glass is well above the ground surface and therefore one must subtract the distance from the water level in the sight glass to the ground surface to find the DTW. To calculate the DTW, simply follow the equation below: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Figure 1. Vacuum Water Level Meter Design. Depth to Water (DTW) = Vacuum Applied (VG) – Height of Water in the Sight Glass Above Ground Surface (H). DTW = VG (vacuum in feet of water) - H (height of water level in site glass above the ground surface).

Water FLUTe A Trusted Technology for High Quality Multilevel Groundwater Monitoring Since 1996 ​ The Water FLUTe is a depth-discrete multilevel groundwater monitoring and head measurement system for use in overburden and bedrock groundwater assessments. ​ ​ Product Highlights ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Water FLUTe System Specifications ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Figure 1. Water FLUTe Pumping System All system components are compatible with VOC and PFC Sampling! Easily purge all sample intervals at the same time. Simultaneous purging allows for discrete samples to be collected while saving time spent in the field. Each purge stroke pumps roughly 1 gallon of water. Installation: The Water FLUTe multilevel groundwater system is installed in open bedrock wells via eversion, in a similar process as a blank liner installation (Click Here f or a basic installatio n overview or for a detailed i nstallation PDF, C lick Here ) . The Water FLUTe can also be installed in the overburden or unstable bedrock via sonic drilling. The installation of a Water FLUTe is affected by the depth and diameter of the hole, the relative transmissivity of the hole, the depth to the water table, and the rate at which water can be supplied to fill the liner. The system can be used for artesian situations with a heavy mud fill. If the hole is too tight to allow the liner to push the water into the formation, the water can be pumped from beneath the liner using a pump tube emplaced in the hole before the liner installation. Water FLUTe systems are usually installed in uncased boreholes. Installations into multi-screened cased holes are also common. Varying borehole diameters are accommodated from 3-30 inches. The Water FLUTe can be installed through smaller casing into larger open holes below the casing, or into "telescoped" casing. The liner is completely heat welded without the use of any glues. ​ Once the liner is fully extended in the hole, the geometry looks like that in Figure 1. ​ Note, that due to the size of the large tubing and pumping hardware components of the system, the pump system is not everted into the borehole, but simply lowered as a tubing bundle following the liner to the bottom. Sample Intervals: All samples collected from the Water FLUTe are drawn directly from the formation, without the potential for cross contamination or leakage as possible with packer based multi-level systems. The Water FLUTe is capable of up to 15 ports per borehole depending on the hole diameter from 4 inches to greater and all intervals can be sampled and purged simultaneously. Sampling the System: After the Water FLUTe is installed, the formation water will flow from the formation into the screen, sample port, and up the tubing on the inside of the liner. The water then flows up through the first check valve and up both legs of the "U" shaped tubing (pump tube and sample tube) to a height equal to the head of the formation. The water level can then be measured in the pump tube from the surface prior to sampling with a water level meter. ​ To purge and sample the Water FLUTe, a gas pressure is applied to the pump tube at a pressure greater than the head of the formation. Once the pressure is applied, the first check valve closes, and the pressure forces the water to flow through the second check valve and to the surface through the sample tube. This process is repeated multiple times to both purge the system and collect samples. Click Here for a detailed sampling procedure PDF file. ​ Head Measurements: The water table depth at each port can be measured with a water level meter in the pump tube or, for continuous head measurements at each port, an air couple transducer (ACT) system or downhole pressure transducers can be used. Click here for more information on the ACT system. Well Completion: There is no need for an exterior seal with grout, sand or bentonite. The liner seals the entire hole and the water is drawn directly from the formation. As such, there is no concern about the seal of granular materials in a slender annulus. ​ Warranty and Removability : The Water FLUTe system is fully warrantied and removable for other use of the borehole or easy abandonment by grouting the borehole. Our experience with Water FLUTe multilevel groundwater monitoring system now spans 21 years. Water FLUTe systems have been installed in 48 states in the U.S., and many foreign countries. More detailed descriptions and publications are available on our publications page. ​ ​ Additional Uses: ​ The Water FLUTe is well suited for detection of tracer arrivals in that the purge volumes are minimal and the sample is drawn directly from the formation. Because there is not an interior tubing bundle, a transparent liner version allows one to watch for the arrival of strongly dyed injections, such as potassium permanganate, using a borehole camera. That option requires a special polyester liner instead of the standard nylon liner. A FLUTe method called a precise gradient measurement is available in order to measure vertical gradients within ~ 1mm between any two ports in the liner. Because there is no field assembly and no annular sealing materials needed, and the system is fully removable by inversion from the borehole, the overall cost of the Water FLUTe system is often the least expensive multi-level sampling and head measurement option of the multi-level monitoring systems. Click Here for our Shallow Water FLUTe - A Peristaltic Pumping Based Sampling System SPACER