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Blank Liner Procedures Blank liner installation procedures Whereas Solinst Flute personnel are most experienced in the installation of blank liners, it has become more common for our customers to install their own blank liners. This is especially convenient for installing sealing liners immediately after a borehole is completed and preferably after the borehole has been well developed, if the natural flow paths in the formation are important to the use of the borehole. Many drilling companies have now gained experience with Flute blank liner installations and removals. However, not everyone in each drilling company has the same amount of training and experience. It is important to assure that an experienced individual will be doing the installation or removal. Blank Liner Installation Information: Blank Liner Installation Procedure How Deeply Must a liner be Installed in a Borehole? Maximum Liner Tension and Pressure Limits Flute has developed a 55 minute video teaching the proper blank liner installation and removal procedures using Flute's ancillary equipment. A blank liner can be installed directly from the shipping reel, but it requires special care and equipment to remove a blank liner. For a copy of the video, please contact us. If preferred, Flute can provide assistance with the installation and removal of blank liners. If there are any uncertainties about an installation or removal, Flute should be contacted for guidance. Blank liner use with other borehole measurements It is often convenient for all the boreholes to be completed and sealed with a liner before the geophysical, or other, measurements are performed. A common practice is to complete the drilling and sealing of all the boreholes and to then invite Flute to remove a liner for the geophysical measurements while Flute then removes a second liner. Then the geophysics crew moves to the second hole while Flute performs the reinstallation of the first liner with a transmissivity profile measurement. Flute then removes the third liner, and then reinstalls the second liner, etc... In this manner, both the Flute transmissivity profiles and geophysical measurements are done in one mobilization with substantial cost savings. It has been found that the blank liner removal can be helpful to the better development of the borehole. Click here for a number of solutions to risky open borehole development. Another alternative is for the geophysics, and perhaps packer testing, to be done before the borehole is sealed with a liner, but in that case, the boreholes are open longer for cross connecting flow. The above procedures do not conveniently allow for packer testing. If a multi-level system is to be installed, packer testing for contaminant assessment may not be necessary and the time the borehole is open is minimized.

NAPL Flute Procedures NAPL Flute Installation in Open Boreholes NAPL Flute Installation Procedure in GeoProbe Rods Sonic Core NAPL Flute Procedure Contaminants that React with NAPL Flute

Water Flute Procedures Brief Water Flute Installation Procedure Water Flute Sampling Procedure-Before May 2009 Water Flute Sampling Procedure-After May 2009

Blank Liner Procedures Blank liner installation procedures Whereas Solinst Flute personnel are most experienced in the installation of blank liners, it has become more common for our customers to install their own blank liners. This is especially convenient for installing sealing liners immediately after a borehole is completed and preferably after the borehole has been well developed, if the natural flow paths in the formation are important to the use of the borehole. Many drilling companies have now gained experience with Flute blank liner installations and removals. However, not everyone in each drilling company has the same amount of training and experience. It is important to assure that an experienced individual will be doing the installation or removal. Blank Liner Installation Information: Blank Liner Installation Procedure How Deeply Must a liner be Installed in a Borehole? Maximum Liner Tension and Pressure Limits Flute has developed a 55 minute video teaching the proper blank liner installation and removal procedures using Flute's ancillary equipment. A blank liner can be installed directly from the shipping reel, but it requires special care and equipment to remove a blank liner. For a copy of the video, please contact us. If preferred, Flute can provide assistance with the installation and removal of blank liners. If there are any uncertainties about an installation or removal, FLUTe should be contacted for guidance. Blank liner use with other borehole measurements It is often convenient for all the boreholes to be completed and sealed with a liner before the geophysical, or other, measurements are performed. A common practice is to complete the drilling and sealing of all the boreholes and to then invite Flute to remove a liner for the geophysical measurements while Flute then removes a second liner. Then the geophysics crew moves to the second hole while Flute preforms the reinstallation of the first liner with a transmissivity profile measurement. Flute then removes the third liner, and then reinstalls the second liner, etc... In this manner, both the Flute transmissivity profiles and geophysical measurements are done in one mobilization with substantial cost savings. It has been found that the blank liner removal can be helpful to the better development of the borehole. Click here for a number of solutions to risky open borehole development. Another alternative is for the geophysics, and perhaps packer testing, to be done before the borehole is sealed with a liner, but in that case, the boreholes are open longer for cross connecting flow. The above procedures do not conveniently allow for packer testing. If a multi-level system is to be installed, packer testing for contaminant assessment may not be necessary and the time the borehole is open is minimized.

Blank Liner FAQs | FACT FAQs | NAPL FLUTe FAQs | Transmissivity Profile FAQs | Water FLUTe FAQs Solinst Flute Frequently Asked Questions Blank Liner FACT NAPL Flute Transmissivity Profile Water Flute SPACER SPACER

A list of publicized works and presentations authored by FLUTe Founder, Carl Keller. Publications Get The Definitive FLUTe Manual At Amazon M o st Recent FLUTe prices after Sept 21 2023.xlsx The applications of the Cased Hole Sa mpler and it vari ations 9- 3-18 The FLUTe Cased Hole Sampler 8-24-18 New FLUTe Discrete Extraction Injection Liner 6-28-18 Advantages of Simultaneous Purging and Sampling-May 2018 Assessment of Packer Utility at EPA Region 2 - December 2017 FACT Method for a Continuous Contaminant Profile Presentation - NGWA October 2017 Advances in High Resolution Hydrologic Measurements - AIPG September 2017 A New Rapid Method for Measuring the Vertical Head Profile-Groundwater Journal 2016 General AIPG-IH paper on FLUTe methods FLUTe Quintet of GW methods FLUTe technology summary Open Hole Well Development Problems and Solutions Why are FLUTe liners useful for karst Preferred Boreholes for FLUTe Liners The Full Use of FLUTe Technology in Fractured rock Maximum Tension and Pressure Limits on Liners Blank Liners Sealing a Borehole with a Blank Liner How deeply must a FLUTe blank liner be installed The FLUTe Blank liner FACT FACT Method for a Continuous Contaminant Profile Presentation - NGWA October 2017 The FLUTe FACT Technique - Monique Beyer FACT thesis DTU High Resolution Hydraulic Profiling and Groundwater Sampling The Analysis of the FACT NAPL FLUTe NAPL FLUTe presentation NAPLs and DNAPLs that react with the NAPL FLUTe systems Sonic Core NAPL FLUTe Procedure Transmissivity Profiles FLUTe profiling poster Battelle FLUTe profiling tech. NGWA-EPA Maine Conference GSA paper comparing FLUTe profiler to straddle packers Keller et al_2013_Ground Water Journal Liners and Packers Similarities and Differences NGWA Paper Liners and Packers similarities and differences Portland ME NGWA presentation on FLUTe Hydraulic Conductivity Profiler Practical Use of Flexible Liner Transmissivity Profiling Results Why and How FLUTe corrects the transient in Transmissivity profiles Head Profiles A New Rapid Method for Measuring the Vertical Head Profile-Groundwater Journal 2016 Head Profiles Using a Liner Advances in the Reverse Head Profiling Technique Reverse Head Profiling Method Water FLUTe and Shallow Water FLUTe The Water FLUTe System Cherry Parker Keller Water FLUTe NGWA GWMR Journal Evolution of FLUTe Multi-level System FLUTe air coupled transducer method Unique Water FLUTe characteristics Use of Pressure Transducers with Water FLUTe system Water FLUTe sampling procedure. after May 2009 Water FLUTe sampling procedure. before May 2009 Shallow Water FLUTe Systems Subsurface vault dimensions for Water FLUTe Vadose FLUTe Keller and Travis paper on absorber utility Vadose FLUTe description Karst Applications Karst Problems and Flexible Liner Experience Why are liners useful for karst Grouting of casing in Karst with a borehole liner Landfill Monitoring 1996 GSA Austin Invited paper on Landfill design FLUTe Wells Under Landfills and Buildings How well can landfills be monitored Geophysical Applications Flexible Liner Applications to Geophysical Measurements Liner Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling LAHD presentation

In one sense, all Solinst Flute applications are unique in that these methods did not exist before 1989. However, some methods have become so commonly used that they are no longer unfamiliar. Those common methods are: 1. Blank liners for sealing boreholes. 2. Transmissivity profiles of open boreholes for rapid high resolution measurements. 3. Water Flute installations for multi-level water samples and head measurements. 4. NAPL Flute installations to map LNAPL and DNAPL of many kinds. There have been extensions of these methods to smaller diameter holes, more artesian holes, and deeper holes. However, these are variations on the Flute systems commonly used. The following descriptions are of applications of Solinst Flute methods not so widely used and perhaps not known to many Solinst Flute users. Some are applications that should be used more frequently because of the advantages. Unique Applications Installations with Artesian Conditions In the early days of Flute methods, if the water table was very shallow or the well somewhat artesian, a heavy mud was used instead of water to pressurize the liner after it had been installed. The installation was usually done off of a scaffold to obtain a sufficient excess driving head to evert the liner. However, Flute has developed several designs, with patents pending, which allowed the installation of everting liners into boreholes with 20 ft of artesian head and flow rates out the top of the casing of 100-150 gal/min. Very good transmissivity profiles have been obtained in such holes. Such extreme artesian conditions often lead to a final liner fill of a bentonite/cement grout for a long term Water Flute installation. The liner is not then removable as are other Solinst Flute installations. Installations in Karst Terrain Installations in karst boreholes of many kinds for many purposes are drilled into karst formations. The boreholes are difficult to seal and therefore isolating sampling intervals, grouting of casing, and other common functions are more difficult to nearly impossible in karst. The continuous lining capability of Flute systems without the use of grout makes those difficulties much less of a concern. Sealing casing strings in karst formations Grouting the annulus can be very expensive in karstic limestone because large quantities of expensive grout are sometimes lost to the karst solution channels. Loss of returns while drilling is further evidence of the problem. The grout seal can be compromised by the loss of grout into the formation and subsequent leakage from the lower production zone to upper aquifers. The mixing of mud, which is used to support the borehole wall with the grout injected to seal the annular space between the casing and formation, can lead to a weak and permeable seal in the annulus. The annular grout can mix with formation fluids to degrade its in-situ chemistry and strength. A high pressure gradient on a grout column during curing may also lead to a porous and permeable grout. This difficulty can be encountered in water wells, oil wells, or “fracking” wells. A high strength, flexible Flute liner can be installed prior to or during the insertion of the casing, eliminating the above difficulties. The annulus can be grouted through a trimmie pipe in stages in order to not burst the liner with a high pressure grout column and without any loss of grout to the formation or mixing with the borehole fluids. This is done routinely in the installation of Flute liners in ground water investigations. The formation fluids and drilling muds are forced out of the borehole by the everting liner prior to the grout injection between the liner and the casing or the mud can also be pumped from beneath the liner during the liner installation. The neighboring drawing is a visual representation of the procedure. Well Development It has been observed that the removal of a flexible liner draws down the head beneath the liner by as much as 100 feet, especially near the bottom of the hole. That low pressure beneath the liner as it is being removed tends to extract mud and cuttings from fractures that may not otherwise be cleared in the normal well development procedures. This process and an explanation of why boreholes may not otherwise be well developed is described in the conference presentation titled: “Open Hole Well Development Problems and Solutions” in the publications section. Injection of Remediation Fluids Some Flute liners have been fitted with tubing much like that of a Water Flute but without any check valves and usually with larger diameter tubing than that used in the Water Flute sampling system. The tubing is then used to inject remediation fluids into discrete intervals. In some cases, some of the intervals are used for monitoring the arrival of remediation fluids. Special liners of more resistant fabrics than the standard nylon liner have been used to avoid damage by the fluids injected. For information on those designs, contact us. Liner augmentation of horizontal drilling (LAHD) Flexible liners were first tested in augmentation of horizontal drilling in Mustang, OK in 1997. The method is described in the publication LAHD presentation 2002 which describes the first commercial application of the method to emplace sampling intervals under a landfill in Indianapolis, IN. The basic advantage of the technique is that it replaced the mud cake of a horizontal drill hole with a flexible liner which liner can also carry a variety of instruments into position beneath buildings, highways, and landfills. The method has not been extensively used primarily because Flute has not advertised the option. Landfill monitoring in a prefabricated layered subsurface Many current landfill monitoring designs either monitor the landfill within the containment system (e.g., a leachate collection layer between the first and second liner) or outside the containment system in the ground water. For landfills located above deep vadose zones, a major leak will not be detected until a large portion of the vadose zone is contaminated if the monitoring system is ground water wells. Flute has designed a landfill monitoring design which has a much higher probability of detection of a leak early in the leak history. The same system provides many other a dvantages such as measurement of the leak rate, sampling the leak for composition, and even the remedy of the leak as part of the monitoring design. That system monitors the entire plane beneath the landfill outside of the landfill liners and does not include instruments which can fail in time so as to lose their monitoring capability. The design is described in the papers provided in the publications section under landfill monitoring . Monitoring beneath a landfill in vertical wells In some situations, the monitoring beneath a landfill or building is preferred in vertical wells. The ability of a propagating liner to travel horizontally and through turns in the piping was used in one situation and is planned for another. The first situation was in a brown field with an existing set of wells. A very large building was to be constructed on the site and it was desired to continue a soil vapor extraction remediation and monitoring of the same wells beneath the building. It was not desirable to have the vertical wells protrude through the floor of the building. In order to obtain water samples and make head measurements beneath the building, horizontal piping was installed in trenches beneath the building which ran from a vault outside the building, through various turns, to sweep elbows connecting to the vertical wells. Flute single sampling port systems were installed in the horizontal piping for distances of several hundred feet. The piping was 3 and 4 inch diameter with sweep elbows in the turns. In a more recent design, larger horizontal piping is to be installed beneath a landfill as it is being constructed to allow access to vertical wells beneath the landfill with multiple sampling intervals. Details of the horizontal path to vertical wells for monitoring are provided in the white paper “Flute Wells Under Landfills and Buildings” . Flute has numerical models which predict the driving pressure needed to overcome drag, gravity, and turn angles for tortuous passages of specified geometry and liner assemblies of various characteristics such as weight, length, friction coefficient and diameter of liner. The models have been well tested against actual installations (see "Installations in tortuous passages" in this section). These installations are easier than the installations in horizontal drill holes as the hole is being drilled in the liner augmentation of horizontal drilling used beneath existing landfills. Landfill monitoring in vertical wells down gradient Many current landfills have common water wells down gradient from the landfill for the purpose of monitoring leachate leakage from the landfill. Obviously, the more closely spaced the wells and the varied the depths of the wells, the greater the probability that the well system can intercept a leachate leak. However, the installation of many traditional screened wells is very expensive to construct and to sample. A more practical approach is to use multi-level sampling systems and to purge them sufficiently to develop a large draw down to capture even a long slender leachate plume. This requires multi-level sampling systems which can produce large purge volumes to draw ground water from a significant distance from the well. The Water Flute systems are well suited for that application in that the several sampling intervals can be purged simultaneously and produce a gallon or more per stroke of the system for each port. This allows realistic purge volumes as large as 55 gallons. Water Flute's can be constructed with even larger production per stroke of each pumping system. The ability to purge all the sampling intervals simultaneously is due to the unique Flute design which has each pumping system at the same depth independent of the elevation of the sampling intervals. The ability to obtain a large volume per stroke is because the entire hole volume inside the liner is available for relatively large diameter tubing. The sealing liner occupies an insignificant portion of the hole volume. See the Water Flute sampling procedure for a more detailed description of the system. Mapping of subsurface flow One technique for doing that uses a transparent borehole flexible liner to observe in time the arrival of dyes or remediation fluids such as potassium permanganate injected into the formation in a nearby borehole. There are a number of interesting options for monitoring tracer arrivals with the Water Flute system which is well suited to monitor for both pressure changes or for tracer arrivals. The tracer arrivals are particularly easy since all the sampling systems can be short stroked simultaneously to “sip” on the medium with minimal perturbation of the natural flow state. The continuously sealed hole also makes the monitoring hole a minimum perturbation on the flow field. Leak detection Flute has a patented method which employs an advancing and a retreating liner (one everting, the other inverting) with a constant sampling interval between them. This allows, for example, a vacuum to be applied to the interval to extract any gas or liquid flowing through the hole wall or pipe wall into the interval between the two liners. The method is called “a progressive packer”. The advantages are several in that the liner travel is very gentle while providing an excellent isolation of the traveling interval from the rest of the borehole or pipe. Logging of boreholes The description of geophysical applications treats the method of towing longing sondes through open passages while the passage is supported and sealed with a blank propagating liner. This is especially attractive for sondes such as neutron moisture measurements. However, many kinds of sondes can be towed into passages that are relatively unstable or flowing fluids with minimal risk of loss of the tool. In other situations, contaminants in the borehole, such as coal tar, are incompatible with many sondes and the liner protects the sonde from contact with those fluids. See the Geophysical applications PDF for sondes that can “see” through the liner. Other uses for lining of piping and boreholes Flute has in the past installed cure-in-place liners, such as resin soaked carbon fiber liners, in tortuous passages from the basement 100 ft upward to the roof gutters of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The purpose was to line and seal rotting cast iron piping. Those applications are not common for Flute, but do use the special art and science of flexible liners as developed by Flute and the unique ancillary equipment of Flute design. A much more common need is for deep boreholes drilled through karstic formations (e.g., oil and gas wells) to prevent the loss of the grout seal between the casing and the borehole wall. In karst formations, the sealing grout flows freely into the solution channels and caverns and prevents a high quality seal of the annulus which allows potential vertical leakage of brines, petroleum or gas into overlying potable aquifers. Flute has a design whereby the borehole is lined as the casing is being installed to prevent the loss of the sealing grout into the formation. Contact us for details. Installations in tortuous passages The ability to install a flexible liner by eversion into tortuous passages is particularly useful for the landfill monitoring, geophysical applications, relining of piping and other applications. The fact that the liner also seals the passage is an additional advantage as well as the ability to support the hole wall as a pressurized liner. This combination of characteristics allows many other applications and the customer is invited to consider these characteristics as they may be applied in novel applications. A video is available of a test of the Flute calculation model of liner propagation around numerous turns. The test showed excellent agreement with Flute’s model which was used to judge the feasibility of installations such as in the pipes in the walls of the Smithsonian. Installations in lakes and ponds and other uses Liners do not need a borehole or pipe to guide the eversion process. A liner can be everted across a cafeteria floor with many chair and table leg obstacles. The everting liner tends to deflect past such obstacles. It is also interesting that an air filled liner can be everted across a lake. A chain attached inside the liner can keep it oriented with a designated top side. In the same manner, a water filled liner with appropriate weighting can propagate across the bottom of a pond. The liners can be fitted with many kinds of instruments for sample collection, temperature measurements, etc…, in these applications. It is also interesting that a pressurized liner can be everted unsupported through the air for significant distances. The Geophysical applications presentation shows examples of that kind of propagation for small (2” diam.) liners. With reasonable guy lines built into the liners, a tower formed by an everting liner can be erected in a few minutes to 50-100 ft. from a small pressure canister. Liners filled with special fluids can be propagated for long distances for interesting uses. Flute has proposed the use of everting liners to quickly lay water lines for fighting forest fire. Contact us to discuss any novel applications. We may have already done it. Video: Pressurized liner eversion through a series of pipe bends SPACER

While Solinst Flute's many methods are useful when used independently of one another, when coupled together, they offer a cost effective and thorough characterization of sub surface environmental and geologic conditions including the following: 1. Absence/presence and location of free product 2. Distribution of dissolved phase contaminants 3. Transmissivity and H ead distributions 4. Groundwater Sampling Systems The Blank liner, NAPL Flute and FACT A common question is “where is the contaminant?” This combination uses the Blank liner covered with the color reactive NAPL detection covering (NAPL Flute) plus the activated carbon felt strip (FACT) for wicking the dissolved phase of a variety of contaminants. The covered liner is installed immediately after the borehole is drilled to prevent cross connection. Two weeks later, the liner is removed. Any stains on the cover are photographed with an adjacent tape measure to locate NAPL sources. The FACT carbon felt is cut from the cover, rolled, and stored in DI water for future assessment as desired for identification of the dissolved contaminants. The blank liner is immediately installed back into the borehole to seal against cross contamination. Sometimes, geophysical measurements are made in the open hole before the liner is reinstalled. Whereas the NAPL Flute system can be installed without the FACT, the FACT system is always installed in the NAPL Flute cover. The Blank liner, NAPL Flute, FACT and Transmissivity profile This is the same as the above sequence, but when the blank liner is reinstalled, it is done while performing the high resolution transmissivity profile of the formation. When completed, the borehole is sealed. Sometimes, geophysical measurements are made in the open borehole before the liner is reinstalled. The transmissivity profile is very helpful in detection of the active flow zones in the formation and in guiding the selection of sections of the FACT to be analyzed. The Blank liner, NAPL Flute, FACT, transmissivity profile, and Water Flute This is the same as the above measurements followed by the construction of the Water Flute multi-level system. The blank liner is then removed and the Water Flute liner is installed in the same day for water quality and head measurements. In some cases, the combinations above are reduced to a popular Flute Trio which includes the sealing Blank liner, the transmissivity profile for each borehole after they are all sealed (sometimes following the geophysics measurements in each hole as the blank is removed) and the Water Flute installation in all the boreholes. The advantages of the combinations The combination of the several methods, sometimes including various geophysical measurements, in a single fielding campaign can be very cost effective and provide a wide range of hydrologic information. The ability to consider the results from the measurements in all boreholes before selecting the monitoring intervals in each hole allows the best use of the resources without the need to make a snap judgment of the completion of each well as it is being drilled. With the transmissivity profiling results in hand, one can also select the minimum sections of the FACT activated carbon from each borehole for the relatively expensive analysis with the GCMS technique. The activated carbon felt can be stored in DI water with little concern about loss of contaminants for many days based on tests done by the Danish Technical University. The uncertainty of straddle packer seals in an open hole in fractured rock makes the dependence on those measurements problematic. This is especially true if the objective is to determine the depth of contamination in the formation. The uncertainty of the packer seal is also compounded by the time the borehole is open to cross connection during the straddle packer testing. The power point presentation “The Full Use of Flute Technology in Fractured Rock” describes the potential efficiencies of combinations of the flexible liner methods for a wide variety of hydrologic assessments. Combinations of FLUTe Methods SPACER

Ancillary Equipment The Green Machine The green machine is a name given to a system for removal of liners of several kinds using a wellhead roller and manual winch system. The green machine shown is positioned over the wellhead with the tether routed over the large roller, under a guide roller, to a manual winch capstan. The liner is inverted from the borehole until the tether attachment to the liner is reached. At that point, a kellum grip is attached to the liner and the removal is continued by routing the tether to a distant, well anchored snatch block and back to the winch on the green machine. This procedure is described in detail in a video teaching the installation and removal of blank liners. Contact Solinst Flute for access to the video. The green machine is frequently equipped with a load cell to monitor the tension being applied to the liner. However, if the force on the winch handle is not excessive, the tension on the liner system will not be excessive. The Linear Capstan The linear capstan is the Solinst Flute name for a motorized version of green machine. The machine shown in the photo is driven by a variable speed motor. The tether or liner is routed over the first two rollers, and then alternates under and over through the series of rollers. The friction on the several roller allows the motor to invert the liner from the borehole. The rollers are driven by a suitably routed chain such that the rollers all turn in the correct direction. This unique Solinst Flute machine can remove a liner with much less effort than the green machine with a modest tension on the liner beyond the machine. The tension is monitored with a pair of load cells. The motor speed, and therefore the tension on the liner, are adjusted and monitored with a separate controller. This machine is usually used by Solinst Flute personnel, but some units have been sold to customers with training in the use and maintenance. Bubbler Monitor The water level in the liner during installation should be monitored with a water level measurement for deep water tables. For shallow water tables, the water level can often be maintained at the top of the casing. But for deep water tables, the water level should not be above ~20 ft higher than the water table in the formation. Monitoring the water level with the standard electric water level meter is frustrating due to the water being added to the liner as it descends. Therefore, an open tube, called a bubbler tube, is included in a sleeve of the standard liner to the water table. Connecting a controlled constant air flow source to the tube and monitoring the pressure variations as the water level rises in the liner allows easy control of a safe water level in the liner. That bubbler monitoring system can be purchased from Solinst Flute. The monitor must be connected to a gas bottle or compressor. The controller contains a flow meter and pressure gauge with a connection to the automatic data collection system if used with the profiling machine. The controller is usually used by Solinst Flute, but can be purchased. The Profiling Machine The transmissivity profile is performed with a unique Solinst Flute device called a profiling machine or Profiler. The Profiler controls the tension on the liner to be essentially constant and measures the depth and velocity of the liner propagation. The Profiler also measures the tension on the liner. This device, to date, has always been used only by trained Solinst Flute personnel. However, an “export model” has been designed and is being built for those distant locations where shipping and tariffs are prohibitively expensive and travel of Solinst Flute personnel to the site is also costly. This machine will be available to foreign users with the training for operation by Solinst Flute personnel. Since that training is extensive, the expense of a profiling machine is not practical for sites more proximate to Solinst Flute offices. Solinst Flute has many US and foreign patents on this method. The Pressure Canisters The pressure canister is use to evert liners into boreholes or tortuous passages with air as the driving fluid. This is most commonly the case for vadose systems or propagation of liners upward into drill holes from tunnels or into piping in buildings or landfills. The liner is loaded onto on interior reel and everted by air pressure supplied to the canister and thence into the liner. The canister size needed depends upon the size of the liner. These canisters are manufactured in various diameters of 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 ft. While not often sold, some sizes are available for purchase. The canister is especially useful for inverting a liner from inside-out to right-side-out. These canisters are used extensively in the fabrication of liners. Shipping Reel Braking System For very deep water tables and for large tubing bundles associated with many ports on a Water Flute system, the hanging load of the liner being installed into the borehole can exceed several hundred pounds. In order to control the descent of the liner and to support the large hanging load, a braking system has been designed, and used, which attaches to the shipping real on the reel stand. The braking system allows an easy and safe control of the liner descent with a disk brake and also monitors the tension on the liner by measurement of the torque on the reel. This device is not sold, but it is often rented for the installation of large liner systems where the control of the brake is required. This device is also necessary if there is a large downward gradient in the formation which is pulling the liner into the borehole with high tension. The ACT (Air Coupled Transducer) System Whereas the ACT system is usually sold as part of a Water Flute system, the ability to measure the fluid level continuously through a slender tube (e.g., 1/8” OD) has uses in other situations. The ACT system consists of a simple tube lowered below the water table, or other fluid level, with a sensitive transducer connected to the top of the tube. As the water level changes in the tube, the pressure measured in the tube also changes. From that pressure data and the temperature measured in the transducer, the history of the fluid level can be deduced with surprising accuracy. The test in a pumped domestic well with abrupt drops and recoveries of the fluid level showed the monitoring of a water table at a depth of 48 ft to be accurate within ¼” on the 1 second time scale. With different tubing geometries, the resolution will be different. The advantage of the ACT system employed in the Water Flute system is that the transducers are easily accessible at the surface for repair, replacement or reuse. This system can also be used where other deep installations of transducers are usually needed in confined circumstances. It also allows level measurements in tubing that is already in place for other purposes. Solinst Flute provides the software for converting the pressure and temperature measured to level changes. This method is not to be confused with the common bubbler system described above. ThIs system is available for the list price of the recording transducer and tubing. Flute has US and foreign patents on this method.

The FLUTe Cased Hole Sampler (CHS) is a cost-effective multilevel groundwater sampling system that allows for discrete sampling intervals in a single cased overburen or bedrock well. Cased Hole Sampler (CHS) The Flute CHS is an economical multilevel groundwater and vadose sampling system designed for use in cased 2 - 4"overburden and bedrock wells. Sys tem Overview: The Solinst Flute Cased Hole Sampler is an inexpensive multilevel groundwater sampling system designed to for groundwater sampling in cased 2-4" overburden and bedrock wells. Constructed in a different manner than our traditional multilevel systems, the CHS is lowered into a place within a PVC well, instead of being everted into an open borehole. Sampling screens are located at multiple intervals on the CHS, which corresponds with the screen depths of the PVC well. The system is easily installed by the customer in minutes and allows for development of all sampling intervals and simultaneous sampling and purging. Installation: The Flute CHS can be installed in 2-4" cased overburden and bedrock wells. The installation procedure is easy and can therefore be completed by the customer, without FLUTe on site, in under 30 minutes. For a PDF file with installation specifics in open boreholes, click here . Sampling Intervals : All samples collected from the Flute CHS are drawn directly from the formation, with no issues of potential for cross contamination or leakage as possible with packer based multi-level systems. The FLUTE CHS is capable of many ports per borehole depending on the hole diameter and all intervals can be sampled and purged simultaneously. Head Measurements: The water table depth at each port can be measured with a Flute vacuum water level meter system. For continuous head measurements at each port, an air couple transducer (ACT) system can be used with a simple surface connection. The transducers are located in the surface casing for easy access for reuse, replacement or repair. Well Completion: Prior to installation of the Flute CHS, a traditional multi-screened PVC well should be installed by the driller. Bentonite should be used to isolate screen sections and sand used as backfill. Warranty and Removability : The Flute CHS system is fully warrantied and removable for other use of the borehole or easy abandonment by grouting the borehole. The system can be used for artesian situations with a heavy mud fill. Whereas the system can be used for a variety of borehole depths, the Standard Water Flute system is better suited for boreholes more than 200 ft deep or for deeper water tables. For systems in uncased bedrock wells, check out the Water FLUTe SPACER

VADOSE Flute Figure 1. Vadose FLUTe Design System Design: The sampling geometry is shown in Figure 1. The spacer material on the outside of the liner serves to define the interval of the hole from which the sample will be drawn. As the pressure is reduced in the sampling tube at the surface, the pressure is reduced in the spacer material interstices. This low pressure draws pore gas into the spacer and hence into the tube to the surface via the port through the liner. If the spacer is relatively short, the pressure field near the spacer is essentially a spherical 1-D flow field centered on the spacer. For longer spacers, the flow field is more like a 1-D cylindrical flow field. The assumption for both geometries is that the medium is homogeneous and i sotropic. As more pore gas is removed from the spacer, the larger is the volume from which the sample is drawn in the formation. Typically, the tube volume is purged of its gas and the sample is collected thereafter. Because the tubing is gathered in interior sleeves of the liner, it is relatively easy to emplace many sampling ports in the hole. Transducers can be attached at the surface to the sample tubes to monitor the pore pressure history at each port. This is useful for design of a soil vapor extraction remediation system. These systems are particularly useful for monitoring of gas flow near landfills in the vadose zone. System Installation: Several kinds of installation procedures are used. In most cases, the liner is everted into the hole . For other situations, the liner is lowered into the hole, as when the hole is supported by a temporary casing, and then filled with sand as the casing is withdrawn. In all cases, the flexible liner provides a seal against the hole wall. FLUTe gas sampling systems are often installed in driven casing systems to hundreds of feet and filled with sand upon the withdrawal of the casing. Figure 2. Air canister Installation ABSORBER INSTALLATIONS ON A LINER The drawing shows how segments of absorbers attached to the liner are rolled out against the hole wall. A variety of absorbent coverings have been used. Some were only short, annular surrounds on the liner, attached to the liner with buttons. Others were patches of absorbent material. The most common is a continuous covering with wicking barriers of coarse, nonabsorbent material dividing the tubular absorber into short segments. The wicking barriers prevent the absorber from transporting contaminants very far along the hole. In that way, each section is a local sample of the available pore liquids. In many cases, the absorbers become quite wet. As the liner is inverted from the hole, the absorbent material is rolled to the interior of the inverting liner. This prevents the absorber from contacting the hole wall at any location other than where it was initially placed. The absorber travels to the surface, well protected inside the inverted liner. At the surface, the liner is often everted into a long, flat, tubular sleeve of plastic film. The absorber is then disconnected from the end of the liner. The liner is then inverted from out of the absorber. The absorbent covering is left flat in the tubular film, with little or no contact with the air. Elastic bands can then be wrapped on the tubular plastic to form "sausage-link-like sections" of absorber sealed in plastic for analysis. If the contaminant was colored, it can be easily seen staining a white absorber. If the contaminant is radioactive, it can be scanned for a profile of the activity in the hole. The NAPL Flute system of color reactive mapping of NAPLs is a special kind of absorber. Another useful absorber system is the FACT (Flute Activated Carbon Technique) which contains an activated carbon felt for wicking, by diffusion, contaminants from the pore space of the formation in both the vadose and saturated zones. The absorbent covering is most easily emplaced in the vadose zone in a stable hole. Air or water can be used as the pressurizing fluid. If a liquid is used, it should be tagged with a tracer/dye to assure that if any is absorbed in the cover, it is not mistaken for a pore liquid. As with other everting liners, absorber liners can be everted into passages in any direction, even vertically upward and around bends. Absorber Flute systems have been installed, using the duet technique, in a hole already sealed and supported by another liner (e.g., a 4 in. absorber liner installed into a hole sealed by a 6 in. liner). In most cases, the first larger liner was a Vadose Flute in use for gas sampling. Some absorbent covers have been instrumented with wire pairs, like a gypsum block, to monitor the resistance change with water absorption to identify the passage of wetting fronts or to determine when the absorber has reached equilibrium saturation prior to removal. The absorber collection of vadose pore liquids has been done the most by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory since 1991. Carl Keller and Brian Travis wrote a paper on the utility of absorber collection of vadose fluids. Comparisons of laboratory measurements were made with vadose flow model calculations for a variety of saturations and materials. That paper is in the proceedings of the NGWA 7th Outdoor Action Conference in Las Vegas, 1993. With the use of well characterized absorbers, the weight gain of the absorber can be an indirect measure of the capillary tension of the formation. Some vadose systems pressurized with a small air pump powered by a solar panel have been in use for many years.

Flute Vacuum Water Level Meter The vacuum water level meter (VWLM) is a very simple device that allows one to measure the depth to the water table (DTW) in a slender tube that cannot accommodate an electric water level meter. The VWLM is advantageous for any system that uses peristaltic pumping (DTW is less than ~25 feet below the ground surface). How does the VWLM work? The VWLM works similarly to the process of drinking a beverage through a straw. If you reduce the pressure at the top of the straw, the liquid rises into your mouth. The VWLM uses the same principal by applying a partial vacuum to the top of the sample tube. A vacuum pump is connected to the sample tube and a vacuum is applied. The magnitude of the vacuum applied determines how high the water level can be raised above the water table. The vacuum is increased until the water is visible in the sight glass (Figure 1). Once the water rises into the sight glass, the vacuum increase is halted by closing the valve to the vacuum source. The vacuum gauge (VG) displays the vacuum applied in units of feet of head that were required for the water to rise to the sight glass. Note, the level in the sight glass is well above the ground surface and therefore one must subtract the distance from the water level in the sight glass to the ground surface to find the DTW. To calculate the DTW, simply follow the equation below: Figure 1. Vacuum Water Level Meter Design. Depth to Water (DTW) = Vacuum Applied (VG) – Height of Water in the Sight Glass Above Ground Surface (H). DTW = VG (vacuum in feet of water) - H (height of water level in site glass above the ground surface).